Detailed Description
Blood sugar levels play a pivotal role in maintaining overall health and well-being. Any significant deviation- whether excessively high (hyperglycaemia) or dangerously low (hypoglycaemia)- can result in severe health complications. A deep understanding of what constitutes dangerous blood sugar levels, the associated symptoms, potential risks, and effective management strategies is crucial for individuals, particularly those living with diabetes or metabolic disorders. Taking timely action and adopting preventive measures can mitigate serious consequences and enhance quality of life.
What Are Dangerous Blood Sugar Levels?
Blood sugar levels fluctuate throughout the day depending on factors such as diet, physical activity, stress levels, medications, and underlying health conditions. The normal range for fasting blood sugar levels is typically between 70-99 mg/dL (3.9-5.5 mmol/L), while postprandial (after meals) blood sugar should ideally remain below 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L). Deviations beyond these limits can be categorised as follows:
- Hypoglycaemia (Low Blood Sugar): Below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L)
- Severe Hypoglycaemia: Below 54 mg/dL (3.0 mmol/L), which may lead to loss of consciousness or seizures
- Hyperglycaemia (High Blood Sugar): Above 180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L) postprandial
- Severe Hyperglycaemia: Above 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L), potentially leading to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS), both of which are life-threatening conditions requiring immediate medical attention.
Causes and Risk Factors of Blood Sugar Imbalances
Understanding the root causes of extreme fluctuations in blood sugar levels is essential for effective management and prevention.
Causes of Hypoglycaemia:
- Skipping meals or prolonged fasting- Lack of food intake can deplete glucose reserves, leading to low blood sugar.
- Excessive insulin or diabetes medication- Administering more insulin than required can result in a rapid drop in glucose levels.
- Intense physical activity without sufficient carbohydrate intake- Prolonged or vigorous exercise can deplete glucose stores quickly.
- Excessive alcohol consumption without food- Alcohol can interfere with the liver’s ability to regulate blood sugar.
- Hormonal imbalances or medical conditions- Disorders affecting insulin production or hormonal regulation can contribute to hypoglycaemia.
Causes of Hyperglycaemia:
- Poor diet high in sugar and refined carbohydrates- Excess consumption of high-glycaemic foods can spike blood sugar levels.
- Lack of physical activity- Sedentary lifestyle reduces insulin sensitivity, leading to increased blood sugar levels.
- Insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance- Common in diabetes, where the body either does not produce enough insulin or is unable to use it effectively.
- Illness or infections- The body releases stress hormones during illness, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.
- Prolonged stress and lack of sleep- Increased cortisol levels can cause insulin resistance and disrupt glucose metabolism.
- Certain medications- Steroids, diuretics, and some psychiatric medications can contribute to high blood sugar.
Symptoms of Dangerous Blood Sugar Levels
Symptoms of Hypoglycaemia:
- Shakiness and dizziness
- Sweating and chills
- Confusion or difficulty concentrating
- Blurred vision
- Rapid heartbeat
- Weakness, fatigue, or sudden hunger
- Seizures or unconsciousness (in severe cases)
Symptoms of Hyperglycaemia:
- Frequent urination (polyuria)
- Excessive thirst and dry mouth
- Unexplained weight loss
- Blurred vision
- Headaches
- Fatigue, drowsiness, or extreme lethargy
- Fruity-smelling breath (a symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis)
- Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain in severe cases
Immediate Actions to Take
Managing Hypoglycaemia:
If blood sugar drops below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L):
- Consume 15-20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates such as glucose tablets, fruit juice, honey, or sugary sweets.
- Recheck blood sugar after 15 minutes. If still low, consume another 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates.
- Once stabilised, eat a balanced meal containing complex carbohydrates, proteins, and healthy fats to prevent further drops.
- If the person becomes unconscious or has a seizure, seek immediate emergency medical assistance.
Managing Hyperglycaemia:
If blood sugar levels rise above 180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L):
- Increase water intake to flush out excess glucose through urine.
- Engage in light physical activity, such as walking, to help lower blood sugar naturally.
- Monitor blood sugar levels frequently to assess trends.
- Adjust insulin or diabetes medication as per the guidance of a healthcare professional.
- Seek urgent medical attention if symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, confusion, or extreme fatigue arise, as these may indicate a life-threatening diabetic emergency.
Long-Term Prevention Strategies
Preventing extreme fluctuations in blood sugar levels requires a proactive approach and commitment to a healthy lifestyle:
- Maintain a Balanced Diet- Prioritise whole grains, lean proteins, healthy fats, and fibre-rich foods while limiting refined sugars and processed foods.
- Engage in Regular Physical Activity- Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week, such as brisk walking, swimming, or cycling.
- Monitor Blood Sugar Levels Regularly- Frequent monitoring enables early detection of irregular patterns and better diabetes control.
- Adhere to Prescribed Medication Plans- Take insulin or oral medications as directed by your healthcare provider.
- Stay Hydrated- Drinking plenty of water aids in glucose regulation and prevents dehydration.
- Manage Stress Effectively- Practices such as yoga, meditation, and deep breathing can help lower stress-induced blood sugar spikes.
- Get Sufficient Sleep – Poor sleep quality can contribute to insulin resistance and exacerbate blood sugar imbalances.
Diabetes Care at Adichunchanagiri Hospital
At Adichunchanagiri Hospital, we are committed to providing expert care for individuals managing diabetes and blood sugar-related disorders. Our team of experienced endocrinologists, nutritionists, and emergency medical professionals utilise state-of-the-art diagnostic tools and personalised treatment plans to ensure optimal health outcomes.
If you or a loved one experiences concerning blood sugar levels, do not delay. Visit Adichunchanagiri Hospital for expert consultation and comprehensive diabetes management. Early intervention can prevent severe complications and significantly improve quality of life.
